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i National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
ii As accessed on October 7, 2023 at McDonnell Douglas D-10 | Federal Aviation Administration (faa.gov)
iii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on October 28, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
iv Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
v National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on December 24, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
vi Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 12 Feb 2023.
vii Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
viii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on December 24, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
ix Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
x National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on December 24, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xi Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xiii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xiv Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xv Summary of Interviews, Interview with Captain Alfred Clair Haynes, SA-437-2D, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., July 21, 1989. Pg. 25.
xvi Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 12 Feb 2023.
xvii Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xviii Summary of Interviews, Interview with William Roy Records, SA-437-2D, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., July 21, 1989. Pg. 29.
xix Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xx Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xxi Summary of Interviews, Interview with William Roy Records, SA-437-2D, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., July 21, 1989. Pg. 30.
xxii Summary of Interviews, Interview with William Roy Records, SA-437-2D, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., July 21, 1989. Pg. 29.
xxiii Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
xxiv Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xxv Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xxvi Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xxvii Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
xxviii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xxix Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
xxx Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
xxxi National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xxxii Summary of Interviews, Interview with Captain Alfred Clair Haynes, SA-437-2D, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., July 21, 1989. Pg. 26.
xxxiii Phone interview with Jan Brown-Lohr, 17 Jan 2024.
xxxiv National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xxxv National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xxxvi McEvily, A.J., Ishihara, S., Mutoh, Y., “1989 DC-10 crash: A cold case mystery solved”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, May 2016.
xxxvii McEvily, A.J., Ishihara, S., Mutoh, Y., “1989 DC-10 crash: A cold case mystery solved”, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, May 2016.
xxxviii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xxxix National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xl As accessed on October 7, 2023 at McDonnell Douglas D-10 | Federal Aviation Administration (faa.gov)
xli National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xlii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xliii As accessed on October 7, 2023 at McDonnell Douglas D-10 | Federal Aviation Administration (faa.gov)
xliv National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xlv National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on November 12, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xlvi National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xlvii As accessed on October 7, 2023 at McDonnell Douglas D-10 | Federal Aviation Administration (faa.gov)
xlviii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on November 12, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xlix National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on November 12, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
l Phone interview with Jan Brown-Lohr, 17 Jan 2024.
li Phone interview with Jan Brown-Lohr, 17 Jan 2024.
lii Phone interview with Jan Brown-Lohr, 17 Jan 2024
liii Phone interview with Jan Brown-Lohr, 17 Jan 2024
liv Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 4.
lv Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lvi Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lvii Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lviii Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lix Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 7.
lx Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lxi Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lxii Summary of Interviews, Interview with Dennis Edward Fitch, SA-437-2D, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., July 21, 1989. Pg. 42.
lxiii Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 8.
lxiv Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lxv National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on November 12, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
lxvi Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 9.
lxvii Summary of Interviews, Interview with Dennis Edward Fitch, SA-437-2D, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., July 21, 1989. Pg. 43.
lxviii Gonzales, Laurence, “Flight 232 – A Story of Disaster and Survival”, W. W. Norton, New York, 2014. Pg. 31.
lxix Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lxx Text on December 14, 2023, 1405 hrs between Peter Allen and Susan White.
lxxi State Journal-Register, Springfield, Illinois, July 24, 1989.
lxxii As accessed on December 23, 2023 at DENVER PILOT, A NATIVE OF FARMINGTON, IS AMONG DEAD – Deseret News and Paul Burnham (1935-1989) – Find a Grave Memorial
lxxiii As accessed on December 23, 2023 at Peter McInerney Obituary (1943 – 2020) – Evergreen, CO – Canyon Courier (legacy.com)
lxxiv As accessed on December 18, 2023 at IN RE: ESTATE OF Joel F. KIRK (1997) | FindLaw
lxxv Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 12.
lxxvi Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
lxxvii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on November 12, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
lxxviii Summary of Interviews, Interview with Dennis Edward Fitch, SA-437-2D, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., July 21, 1989. Pg. 44.
lxxix Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
lxxx Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 26.
lxxxi Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 26.
lxxxii Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 29.
lxxxiii Phone interview notes with Jan Brown-Lohr, 17 Jan 2024
lxxxiv Phone interview notes with Jan Brown-Lohr, 17 Jan 2024.
lxxxv The Des Moines Regsiter, July 27, 1989. Pg. 8.
lxxxvi National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on November 12, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
lxxxvii Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
lxxxviii Phone interview notes with Jan Brown, 5 Mar 2024.
lxxxix Phone interview notes with Jan Brown, 5 Mar 2024.
xc Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 50.
xci National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on November 12, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xcii Greshman, J., New York Magazine, Crash Diary No. 2. Jan 30, 2009. As accessed on February 10, 2024 at United Airlines Pilot Al Haynes Shares His Story of Crash-Landing an Aircraft — New York Magazine – Nymag.
xciii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on November 12, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
xciv Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
xcv Gonzales, Laurence, “Flight 232 – A Story of Disaster and Survival”, W. W. Norton, New York, 2014. Pg. 43.
xcvi Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
xcvii Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
xcviii Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 81.
xcix National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on October 28, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
c Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 83.
ci Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 86.
cii Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
ciii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on October 28, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
civ Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
cv Haynes, Al., “The Crash of United Flight 232”, presentation to National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Facility Edwards, California, May 24, 1991. Unlimited non-profit distribution permitted.
cvi Cockpit Voice Recorder Group Chairmans Factual Report of Investigation, DCA-89-M-A063, National Transportation Safety Board, Bureau of Technology, Washington D.C., September 1, 1989. Pg. 88.
cvii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
cviii National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
cix Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
cx As accessed on October 7, 2023 at McDonnell Douglas D-10 | Federal Aviation Administration (faa.gov)
cxi Survival Factors Group Chairman’s Factual Report of the [UAL Flight 232] Investigation, Raymond Diegel, DCA-89-063, Docket Copy. Pg. 183.
cxii Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
cxiii Ramirez, Rodrigo, “Errol Morris’ Leaving the Earth – Denny Fitch”, MGM Video, November 29, 2001
cxiv Phone interview notes with Dudley Dvorak, 9 Feb 2023.
cxv As access on October 21, 2003 at Cinnamon Angelina Martinez (1976-1989) – Find a Grave Memorial
cxvi Phone interview notes with Jan Brown, 5 Mar 2024.
cxvii Dee, Emily, “Souls on Board – Responses to the United Flight 232 Tragedy”, Loess Hills Press, Sioux City, 1990.
cxviii Randall M.D, Brad, “Body Retrieval and Morgue Operations at the Crash of United Airlines Flight 232”, Journal of Forensic Sciences, JFSCA, Vol 36, No. 2, March 1991, pp 403-409.
cxix National Transportation Safety Board, “Aircraft Accident Report — United Airlines Flight 232, McDonnel Douglas DC-10-10, Sioux Gateway Airport, Sioux City, Iowa, July 19, 1989.” Report No. NTSB/AAR-90-06, November 1, 1990. Washington D.C. As accessed on September 10, 2023 at AAR-90-06.pdf (ntsb.gov).
cxx Phone interview notes with Jan Brown, 5 Mar 2024.